Dr Alaster Yoxall PhD
Principal Research Fellow in Human Centered Engineering
Summary
I have been involved in the 'Inclusive Design' of packaging for a little over 12 years. I was the UK's technical expert in the development of ISO 17480 Packaging Accessibility guidelines. Further, I have extensive experience in measuring people's capabilities, observing people opening packaging and developing solutions. I am currently involved in a number of projects working with academia, business and healthcare professionals to improve packaging accessibility.
I am research associate of Lab4Living.
About
The main direction of my research has been the development of techniques and methods for assessing user abilities when accessing packaging and the subsequent knowledge transfer to industry and standards organisations to facilitate more usable packaging for older and disabled users. This has included working directly with companies to design new, more 'inclusive packaging' and being the UK technical expert on the CEN15945 and ISO17480 committees for guidelines on accessible packaging and panel test methods.
I have the largest data set of its kind for torque (twist strength) and age which has been used by my colleague Ian Gwilt for the creation of a series of novel 'data objects' and am currently working on methods to assess dexterity and cognition of older users when using packaging. The work on dexterity is currently being used to assess new pack designs to be launched later this year.
Always on the look-out for motivated engineering or design students to understand how to improve the ergonomics (including visual techniques and graphics), comfort and use of everyday objects particularly improving the way older people are able to interact with food and medicines, whether that is through packaging, tableware (knives, forks, plates, etc.) or appliances such as cookers, microwaves and refrigerators.
Teaching
College of Business, Technology and Engineering
Research
My research is currently split into three main areas; the implementation of ISO17480 guidelines into NHS supply protocol, capability assessment around dexterity and hand use and the development of improved cutlery and tableware.
I also undertake consultancy on ISO17480 testing and packaging assessment and design. The links to these projects are below:
Publications
Journal articles
Yoxall, A., Tingle, A., Hart, J., Rowson, J., Lucas, I., & Wilson, J. (2023). “Fancy a Brew? “: Understanding factors influencing ease of use of cups used in care homes. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 50, 27-39. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2023.06.005
Yoxall, A. (2020). Voces aisladas: Reflexiones de adultos mayores sobre el uso y la accesibilidad del packaging durante el confinamiento. RChD: creación y pensamiento, 5 (9), 1. http://doi.org/10.5354/0719-837x.2020.57923
Püschel, T.A., Marcé-Nogué, J., Chamberlain, A.T., Yoxall, A., & Sellers, W.I. (2020). The biomechanical importance of the scaphoid-centrale fusion during simulated knuckle-walking and its implications for human locomotor evolution. Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 3526. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60590-6
Yoxall, A., Bell, A., Gee, K., & Lecko, C. (2019). Single Portion Packaging And The Use Of User Test Protocols To Determine Patient Accesibility. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. http://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2019.1651237
Yoxall, A., Gonzalez, V., Best, J., Rodriguez‐Falcon, E.M., & Rowson, J. (2019). As you like it: Understanding the relationship between packing design and accessibility. Packaging technology and science. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2466
Nilmanee, S., Jinkarn, T., Jarupan, L., Pisuchpen, S., & Yoxall, A. (2018). Seal strength evaluation of flexible plastic films by machine testing and human peeling. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 46 (4), 1508-1517. http://doi.org/10.1520/jte20160541
Yoxall, A., Gonzalez, V., & Rowson, J. (2018). Analysis of finger motion coordination during packaging interactions. Packaging Technology and Science, 31 (6), 389-400. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2319
Rowson, J., Gonzalez, V., & Yoxall, A. (2018). Differences in EMG burst patterns during grasping dexterity tests and activities of daily living. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 6, 68. http://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00068
Bell, A., Tapsell, L., Walton, K., & Yoxall, A. (2017). Accessing hospital packaged foods and beverages : the importance of a seated posture when eating. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 30 (3), 394-402. http://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12430
Bell, A., Walton, K., & Yoxall, A. (2017). Measure for measure: pack performance versus human dexterity and grip strength. Packaging Technology and Science, 30 (4), 117-126. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2284
Gonzalez-Sanchez, V., Rowson, J., & Yoxall, A. (2016). Analysis of finger movement coordination during the Variable Dexterity Test and comparative activities of daily living. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION, 23 (10), 480-490.
Yoxall, A., & Rowson, J. (2016). Note: Talking about Torque: Measuring Pack Accessibility – a Review. Packaging Technology and Science, 29 (12), 613. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2277
Rowson, J., Sangrar, A., Rodriguez‐Falcon, E., Bell, A.F., Walton, K.A., Yoxall, A., & Kamat, S.R. (2016). Note: Rating Accessibility of Packaging: A Medical Packaging Example. Packaging Technology and Science, 29 (12), 607. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2271
Gonzalez-Sanchez, V., Rowson, J., & Yoxall, A. (2016). Analysis of finger movement coordination during the Variable Dexterity Test and comparative activities of daily living. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 23 (10), 481-491. http://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.10.481
Gonzalez, V., Rowson, J., & Yoxall, A. (2016). Analysing finger interdependencies during the Purdue Pegboard Test and comparative activities of daily living. Journal of Hand Therapy, 30, 80-88. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2016.04.002
Yoxall, A., & Rowson, J. (2015). Talking about torque : measuring pack accessibility - a review. Packaging Technology and Science, 28 (1), 1-14. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2079
Gonzalez, V., Rowson, J., & Yoxall, A. (2015). Development of the Variable Dexterity Test: construction,reliability and validity. International journal of therapy and rehabilitation, 22 (4), 174-180. http://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2015.22.4.174
Rowson, J., Sangrar, A., Rodriguez-Falcon, E., Bell, A.F., Walton, K.A., Yoxall, A., & Kamat, S.R. (2014). Rating accessibility of packaging: a medical packaging example. Packaging Technology and Science, 27, 577-589. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2049
Yoxall, A. (2013). Accessing packaged food and beverages in hospital. Exploring experiences of patients and staff. Appetite, 60, 231-238.
Canty, L.A., Lewis, R., & Yoxall, A. (2013). Investigating openability of rigid plastic containers with peelable lids : the link between human strength and grip and opening forces. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 227, 1056-1068. http://doi.org/10.1177/0954406212457729
Yoxall, A., Rodriguez-Falcon, E.M., & Luxmoore, J. (2013). Carpe diem, Carpe ampulla : A numerical model as an aid for design of child resistant closures. Applied Ergonomics, 44 (1), 18-26. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.006
Chamberlain, P., & Yoxall, A. (2012). Of mice and men : the role of interactive exhibitions as research tools for inclusive design. The Design Journal, 15 (1), 57-78. http://doi.org/10.2752/175630612X13192035508543
Rowson, J., & Yoxall, A. (2011). Hold, grasp, clutch or grab: Consumer grip choices during food container opening. Applied Ergonomics, 42 (5), 627-633.
Langley, J., Turner, N., & Yoxall, A. (2011). Attributes of packaging and influences on waste. Packaging Technology and Science, 24 (3), 161-175. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.924
Becker, W., Rowson, J., Oakley, J.E., Yoxall, A., Manson, G., & Worden, K. (2011). Bayesian sensitivity analysis of a model of the aortic valve. Journal of Biomechanics, 44 (8), 1499-1506. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.03.008
Yoxall, A., Langley, J., Luxmoore, J., Janson, R., Taylor, J.C., & Rowson, J. (2010). Understanding the use of tools for opening packaging. Universal Access in the Information Society, 9 (3), 273-281. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-009-0174-z
Rowson, J., Langley, J., Kamat, S.R., & Yoxall, A. (2010). Squeezability. Part 2: getting stuff out of a bottle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 224 (6), 1261-1271. http://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1772
Kamat, S.R., Yoxall, A., Craig, C., Carrsé, M.J., & Rowson, J. (2010). Understanding grip choice and comfort whilst hoovering. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 42, 1324-1329.
Kamat, S.R., Yoxall, A., Craig, C., Carré, M.J., & Rowson, J. (2010). Understanding grip choice and comfort whilst. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, 1338-1343.
Kamat, S., Yoxall, A., Craig, C., Carre, M., & Rowson, J. (2010). Understanding grip choice and comfort whilst hoovering. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, 1338-1343. http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Heppell, G., Rodriguez-Falcon, E., Bradbury, S., Lewis, R., ... Rowson, J. (2010). Food for Thought? - A UK pilot study testing a methodology for compositional domestic food waste analysis. Waste Management & Research, 28 (3), 220-227. http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X08095348
Yoxall, A., Langley, J., Janson, R., Lewis, R., Hayes, S.A., & Bix, L. (2010). How wide do you want the jar?: The effect on diameter forease of opening for wide-mouth closures. Packaging Technology and Science, 23 (1), 11-18. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.874
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Manson, G., Lewis, W., Waterhouse, A., Thelwall, D., ... Leech, B. (2009). The use of uncertainty analysis as a food waste estimation tool. Waste Management & Research, 27 (3), 199-206. http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X08095231
Yoxall, A., Luxmoore, J., & Rodriguez-Falcon, E. (2009). Load-path-based modelling strategies for synovial joints. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 223 (9), 2143-2153. http://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1448
Yoxall, A., Sandham, A., Tomlinson, R.A., Rowson, J., & Blakey, S. (2009). Squeezability. Part 1: a pressing issue. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 223 (11), 2615-2625. http://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1611
Tomlinson, S.E., Lewis, R., Ball, S., Yoxall, A., & Carré, M.J. (2009). Understanding the effect of finger–ball friction on the handling performance of rugby balls. Sports Engineering, 11 (3), 109-118. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-009-0014-7
Yoxall, A., Luxmoore, J., Rowson, J., Langley, J., & Janson, R. (2008). Size does matter: further studies in hand–pack interaction using computer simulation. Packaging Technology and Science, 21 (2), 61-72. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.778
Rowson, J., Yoxall, A., & Hart, J. (2008). Modelling capping of 28 mm beverage closures using finite element analysis. Packaging Technology and Science, 21 (5), 287-296. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.803
Yoxall, A., & Janson, R. (2008). Fact or friction: a model for understanding the openability of wide mouth closures. Packaging Technology and Science, 21 (3), 137-147. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.785
Lewis, R., Yoxall, A., & Marshall, M.B. (2008). Comparison of numerical and ultrasonic techniques for quantifying interference fit pressures. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 222 (7), 1125-1130. http://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES970
Lewis, R., Yoxall, A., Marshall, M., & Canty, L. (2008). Characterising pressure and bruising in apple fruit. Wear, 264 (1-2), 37-46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.038
Yoxall, A., Luxmoore, J., Langley, J., & Janson, R. (2008). Size does matter: further studies in hand-pack interaction using computer simulation. Packaging Technology and Science, 21 (2), 61-72. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.778/pdf
LEWIS, R., Yoxall, A., Canty, L.A., & Romo, E. (2007). Development of engineering design tools to help reduce apple bruising. Journal of Food Engineering, 83 (3), 356-365. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.03.005
Lewis, R., Menardi, C., Yoxall, A., & Langley, J. (2007). Finger friction: grip and opening packaging. Wear, 263 (7-12), 1124-1132. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.024
Yoxall, A., Luxmoore, J., Austin, M., Canty, L., Margrave, K.J., Richardson, C.J., ... Lewis, R. (2007). Getting to grips with packaging: using ethnography and computer simulation to understand hand–pack interaction. Packaging Technology and Science, 20 (3), 217-229. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.755
Yoxall, A., Janson, R., Bradbury, S.R., Langley, J., Wearn, J., & Hayes, S. (2006). Openability: producing design limits for consumer packaging. Packaging Technology and Science, 19 (4), 219-225. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.725
Yoxall, A., Langley, J., Janson, R., Wearn, J., & Manson, G. (2006). The use of uncertainty analysis for the design of container closures. Packaging Technology and Science, 19 (3), 139-147. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.716
Langley, J., Janson, R., Wearn, J., & Yoxall, A. (2005). ‘Inclusive’ design for containers: improving openability. Packaging Technology and Science, 18 (6), 285-293. http://doi.org/10.1002/pts.699
Howard, I.C., Patterson, E.A., & Yoxall, A. (2003). On the opening mechanism of the aortic valve: some observations from simulations. Journal of medical engineering & technology, 27 (6), 259-266. http://doi.org/10.1080/0309190031000096621
Yoxall, A., Newlands, G.J., Roberts, M., Langley, J., & Taylor, P. (2002). A numerical model of closure lining materials. Glass Technology, 43 (4), 157-161.
Yoxall, A., Newlands, G.J., Roberts, M., Langley, J., & Taylor, P. (2002). A numerical simulation of the roll-on-pilfer-proof (ROPP) process on a GF305 thread. Glass Technology, 43 (3), 116-119.
Yoxall, A., Haake, S., & Roberts, M. (2000). Numerical simulation of interaction between a threaded glass container and a screw cap. Glass technology - European journal of glass science and technology part A, 41 (1), 30-32. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sgt/gt/2000/00000041/00000001/4101030
Yoxall, A., Haake, S.J., & Roberts, M. (2000). Numerical simulation of interaction between a threaded glass container and a screw cap. Glass technology, 41 (1), 30-32. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sgt/gt/2000/00000041/00000001/4101030
Conference papers
Bell, A., Walton, K., Westblade, N., Morson, K., Chevis, J., Harries, L., & Yoxall, A. (2014). If at first you don't succeed : older consumers andhospital food & beverage packaging – a matter of try,try and try again! In 19th IAPRI World Conference of Packaging, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, 15 June 2014 - 18 June 2014.
Yoxall, A. (2014). Europack 2014. In EuroPack Summit 2014, Cascais, Portugal. http://www.me-uk.com/newsummitconcept-epi/index.asp?EventID=20689
Gwilt, I., Yoxall, A., & Sano, K. (2012). Enhancing the understanding of statistical data through the creation of physical objects. In Duffy, A., Nagai, Y., & Taura, T. (Eds.) The 2nd International Conference on Design Creativity (Proceedings), (pp. 117-124). UK: Design Society: http://www.icdc2012.org.uk/
Yoxall, A., Heller, B., & Chamberlain, P. (2011). Oom Bop Bop Good Vibrations: the use of sensory feedback to create motion inhibition. In Include 2011, Royal College of Art, London, 18 April 2011 - 20 April 2011. http://www.hhc.rca.ac.uk/3845/all/1/proceedings.aspx
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Craig, C., & Reed, H. (2011). Assisted Services - Physical support or psychological blow? In Design 4 Health European Conference and Exhibition, Sheffield, UK.
Bec, R. (2011). Designing Gener-G, the human energy trading game. In Yoxall, A. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Design 4 Health 2011, (pp. 5-21). Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University, Art and Design Research Centre: http://design4health.org.uk/2011-official-proceedings
Dexter, M., Atkinson, P., & Dearden, A. (2011). Health products; designed with, not for, end users. In Yoxall, A. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Design 4 Health, Sheffield, (pp. 110-121). Sheffield Hallam University: http://www.design4health.org.uk/
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Reed, H., & Kuhlmann, S. (2011). Is green a grey area? Sustainability and inclusivity; theageing population and recycling. In Include 2011, RCA London. RCA: http://include11.kinetixevents.co.uk/4dcgi/prog?operation=author&id=1261
Yoxall, A., Langley, J., Musselwhite, C., Rodriguez-Falcon, E.M., & Rowson, J. (2010). Husband, daughter, son and postman, hot-water, knife and towel : assistive strategies for jar opening. In Langdon, P., Clarkson, P.J., & Robinson, P. (Eds.) Designing inclusive interactions : inclusive interations between people and products in their contexts of use, (pp. 187-196). Springer-Verlag
Rodriguez-Falcon, E.M., & Yoxall, A. (2010). Accessibility is in the palm of your hand. In Langdon, P., Clarkson, P.J., & Robinson, P. (Eds.) Designing inclusive interactions : inclusive interactions between people and products in their contexts of use, (pp. 45-54). London: Springer-Verlag
Rodriguez-Falcon, E.M., & Yoxall, A. (2010). Service-learning experiences: a way forward in teaching engineering students? Engineering Education, 5 (2), 59-68. http://www.engsc.ac.uk/journal/index.php/ee/article/view/235/233
Yoxall, A., Langley, J., Luxmoore, J., Janson, R., Taylor, J.C., & Rowson, J. (2008). Help or Hindrance: The Use of Tools for Opening Packaging. In Langdon, P., Clarkson, J., & Robinson, P. (Eds.) Designing Inclusive Futures, (pp. 65-74). London: Springer
Cheng, J.J., Batterbee, D., Yoxall, A., Sims, N., Rowson, J., & Howard, I. (2008). Shaken baby syndrome: a structural dynamics perspective. In ISMA2008, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, 15 September 2008 - 17 September 2008. http://www.isma-isaac.be/past/conf/isma2008/program.html
Becker, W., Rowson, J., Oakley, J., Yoxall, A., Manson, G., & Worden, K. (2008). Bayesian sensitivity analysis of a large nonlinear model. In ISMA2008, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, 15 September 2008 - 17 September 2008. http://www.isma-isaac.be/past/conf/isma2008/program.html
Yoxall, A., Bradbury, S.R., Carré, M.J., Goh, W.T., Heppell, J.G., Hodzic, A., ... Rodriguez-Falcon, E.M. (2006). Better by design: Developing teaching concepts through group work. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation, Good Practice and Research in Engineering Education 2006, EE 2006, 522-526.
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Janson, R., & Wearn, J. (2005). The 'inclusive engineering' approach: an optimum diameter for ease of opening. In 22nd IAPRI Symposium on Packaging, Campinas.
Lewis, R., Yoxall, A., Marshall, M.B., & Canty, L.A. (2005). Measuring Pressure in Apple Contacts. World Tribology Congress III, Volume 1, 869-870. http://doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63500
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., Wearn, J., & Janson, R. (2004). Inclusive design: making packaging easier to open for all. In 14th IAPRI World Conference on Packaging, Stockholm, 13 June 2004 - 16 June 2004.
Langley, J., Yoxall, A., & Yates, J. (2003). Understanding the roll-on-pilfer-proof process. In 21st IAPRI Symposium, Valencia.
Pacey, M.N., Yoxall, A., Haake, S., & Patterson, E.A. (2000). Applications of an automated instrument for principal strain separation. In Proceedings of the SEM IX International Congress on Experimental Mechanics. Society for Experimental Mechanics
Book chapters
Goodman-Deane, J., Waller, S., Bradley, M., Yoxall, A., Wiggins, D., & Clarkson, P.J. (2016). Designing Inclusive Packaging. In Burgess, P. (Ed.) Integrating the Packaging and Product Experience in Food and Beverages. (pp. 37-57). Elsevier: http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100356-5.00003-6
Gwilt, I., Yoxall, A., & Drew, L. (2015). Augmented packaging for improved medicine compliance. In Christer, K. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Design4Health 2015. Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University: http://research.shu.ac.uk/design4health/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/D4H_Yoxall_et_al.pdf
Yoxall, A., Bell, A., & Walton, K. (2014). Warning! : packaging can damage your health. In Yoxall, A., & Christer, K. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Design 4 Health 2013, 3–5 July 2013, Sheffield UK. (pp. 303-315). Sheffield Hallam University
Yoxall, A., Bell, A., & Walton, K. (2014). Warning! : packaging can damage your health. In Yoxall, A., & Christer, K. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Design 4 Health 2013, 3–5 July 2013, Sheffield UK. (pp. 303-315). Sheffield Hallam University
Rodriguez-Falcon, E., & Yoxall, A. (2012). Investigating the impact of service/social enterprise learning projects and employer involvement in engineering education. In Harrison, M., Moore, I., Igarashi, H., & Somani, S. (Eds.) Enhancing engineering higher education : outputs of the national HE STEM programme. (pp. 95-98). London: Royal Academy of Engineering: http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Enhancing_Engineering_Higher_Education.pdf
Yoxall, A., Rowson, J., & Kamat, S. (2011). What can a hand really squeeze? In Include 2011 proceedings. London: The Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design, Royal College of Art
Haake, S., Blackwood, W.D., & Yoxall, A. (1998). Photo elastic analysis of ice-axe impacts. In Proceedings of the SEM spring conference on experimental and applied mechanics. (pp. 290-293). Society for experimental mechanics
Reports
Chamberlain, P., Reed, H., Burton, M., Yoxall, A., Akan, E., Can, A., ... Çakırusta, A. (2017). Inclusive bathroom design as we age. Turkey: Vitra. http://vitra.com.tr/App_Assets/Catalogs/20499/inclusive-bathroom.pdf
Presentations
Yoxall, A. (2012). Understanding Packaging Accessibility. Presented at: Europack 2012, Cannes, France, 2012
Other publications
Yoxall, A. (2011). DD CEN/TS 15945:2011Packaging. Ease of opening. Criteria and test methods for evaluating consumer packaging. BSI: http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030201445
Postgraduate supervision
Current PhD supervision includes understanding thin-film peel strength with Kasetsart University, Thailand, Packaging accessibility in Hospitals with the University of Wollongong, Understanding dexterity and Task Analysis with the University of Sheffield.
I have supervised a number of student research projects and PhD projects looking at a range of issues. These have included modelling the human hand and finger joints using Finite Element Analysis, modelling human packaging and object interaction and understanding ways of assessing pack performance and design. Methods used have included; interviewing and co-design with older people, high speed video, motion capture, video observation and eye-tracking analysis.
Recent student project supervision has included the re-design of packaging graphics using interviews and eye-tracking software, analysis of dexterity using high speed video analysis, enhanced packing for the visually impaired and the design of assistive cutlery for people with arthritis.
Media
Packaging expert Alaster Yoxall's main areas of expertise are in design and ergonomics with respect to an ageing population. He has been responsible for the development of European and International Standards on this issue and have worked with a number of leading companies developing new pack formats, leading to him being described as a 'thought-leader in packaging' on a recent edition of Radio 4's Today programme.